Massive Extinction of Species in the Late Cretaceous Was Not Caused by Extreme Volcanism

“The particularity of the Zumaia outcrops lies in that two types of sediments accumulated there — some richer in clay and others richer in carbonate — that we can now identify as strata or marl and limestone that alternate with each other to form rhythms,” notes the researcher Sietske Batenburg, from the Department of Earth and Ocean Dynamics of the UB. “This strong rhythmicity in sedimentation is related to cyclical variations in the orientation and inclination of the Earth axis in the rotation movement, as well as in the translational movement around the Sun”.

These astronomic configurations — the known Milankovitch cycles, which repeat every 405,000, 100,000, 41,000, and 21,000 years — regulate the amount of solar radiation they receive, modulate the global temperature of our planet and condition the type of sediment that reaches the oceans. “Thanks to these periodicities identified in the Zumaia sediments, we have been able to determine the most precise dating of the climatic episodes that took place around the time when the last dinosaurs lived,” says PhD student Vicente Gilabert, from the Department of Earth Sciences at UZ, who will present his thesis defense by the end of this year.

Planktonic foraminifera: revealing the climate of the past

Carbon-13 isotopic analysis on the rocks in combination with the study of planktonic foraminifera — microfossils used as high-precision biostratigraphic indicators — has made it possible to reconstruct the paleoclimate and chronology of that time in the Zumaia sediments. More than 90% of the Cretaceous planktonic foraminiferal species from Zumaia became extinct 66 Ma ago, coinciding with a big disruption in the carbon cycle and an accumulation of impact glass spherules originating from the asteroid that hit Chicxulub, in the Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico).

In addition, the conclusions of the study reveal the existence of three intense climatic warming events — known as hyperthermal events — that are not related to the Chicxulub impact. The first, known as LMWE and prior to the K/Pg boundary, has been dated to between 66.25 and 66.10 Ma. The other two events, after the mass extinction, are called Dan-C2 (between 65.8 and 65.7 Ma) and LC29n (between 65.48 and 65.41 Ma).

In the last decade, there has been intense debate over whether the hyperthermal events mentioned above were caused by an increased Deccan volcanic activity, which emitted large amounts of gases into the atmosphere. “Our results indicate that all these events are in sync with extreme orbital configurations of the Earth known as eccentricity maxima. Only the LMWE, which produced an estimated global warming of 2-5°C, appears to be temporally related to a Deccan eruptive episode, suggesting that it was caused by a combination of the effects of volcanism and the latest Cretaceous eccentricity maximum”, the experts add.

Earth’s orbital variations around the Sun

The global climate changes that occurred in the late Cretaceous and early Palaeogene — between 250,000 years before and 200,000 years after the K/Pg boundary — were due to eccentricity maxima of the Earth’s orbit around the Sun.

However, the orbital eccentricity that influenced climate changes before and after the K/Pg boundary is not related to the late Cretaceous mass extinction of species. The climatic changes caused by the eccentricity maxima and augmented by the Deccan volcanism occurred gradually at a scale of hundreds of thousands of years.

“These data would confirm that the extinction was caused by something completely external to the Earth system: the impact of an asteroid that occurred 100,000 years after this late Cretaceous climate change (the LMWE),” the research team says. “Furthermore, the last 100,000 years before the K/Pg boundary are characterized by high environmental stability with no obvious perturbations, and the large mass extinction of species occurred instantaneously on the geological timescale,” they conclude.

Reference: “Contribution of orbital forcing and Deccan volcanism to global climatic and biotic changes across the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary at Zumaia, Spain” by Vicente Gilabert, Sietske J. Batenburg, Ignacio Arenillas and José A. Arz, 30 August 2021, Geology.
DOI: 10.1130/G49214.1

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